Covariance Calculator

Choose the population or sample convention before interpreting the result. Formula: Population covariance = Σ[(xi−x̄)(yi−ȳ)] ÷ N; Sample covariance = Σ[(xi−x̄)(yi−ȳ)] ÷ (n−1)

Calculate Covariance

Choose the population or sample convention before interpreting the result.

Formula: Population covariance = Σ[(xi−x̄)(yi−ȳ)] ÷ N; Sample covariance = Σ[(xi−x̄)(yi−ȳ)] ÷ (n−1)

Write the inputs in the form required by the formula and check the result with a small reference case. For equations and statistics, make sure the selected convention matches the problem you are solving.

Substitute the same inputs into the displayed formula and compare the calculated value with the result shown by the tool.

Frequently Asked Questions FAQ

What does Covariance Calculator calculate?

Choose the population or sample convention before interpreting the result.

What is the formula for Covariance Calculator?

The formula used by the calculator is: Population covariance = Σ[(xi−x̄)(yi−ȳ)] ÷ N; Sample covariance = Σ[(xi−x̄)(yi−ȳ)] ÷ (n−1)

What inputs does Covariance Calculator need?

Enter paired observations for the two variables so their covariance can be calculated.

How can I verify the Covariance Calculator result?

Substitute the same inputs into the displayed formula and compare the calculated value with the result shown by the tool.

How should I round the Covariance Calculator result?

Keep exact values such as fractions or radicals when useful, and round only the final numerical result when a decimal answer is required.

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